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    • 专利摘要:
    Described herein is an autonomous fluid spill containment device for a pipeline having a carrier conduit for transporting a fluid and a containment conduit located around the carrier conduit to define an interstitial space for receiving fluid spilled from the carrier conduit. The device comprises a spilled fluid barrier for stopping spilled fluid flow. The fluid barrier is located in the interstitial space and extending between the carrier conduit and the containment conduit. A spilled fluid sensor is located in the interstitial space to detect spilled fluid flowing in the containment conduit. A network monitor that interfaces for communicating with an operator's data collection, analysis and reporting systems. A sensor network is connected to the fluid sensor for communicating spilled fluid sensor and location data from the sensor to the network monitor so as to alert the operator to the location of the spilled fluid in real time.
    公开号:ES2545412A2
    申请号:ES201590021
    申请日:2013-08-07
    公开日:2015-09-10
    发明作者:Harold Russell Baird；Jeffrey Scott Adler
    申请人:Harold Russell Baird；Jeffrey Scott Adler；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    P201590021
    06-25-2015
    DESCRIPTION SYSTEM AND DEVICE FOR CONTENT, LOCATION AND NOTIFICATION IN REAL TIME OF FLUID SPILLS
    5 Technical field
    This refers to the transportation of fluids with the use of pipes, and more particularly to a device and containment system, location and real-time notification
    10 for use with pipes. Background
    Pipeline transportation of energy sources has never been so important for
    15 energy infrastructure and consumption of developing nations. Our economies and manufacturing base depend largely on the safe and timely provision of energy that can be transported through pipes in different ways. This search for energy sources has made the need for pipelines an inherent component in our society due to their ability to economically transport large volumes
    20 of liquids and gases. From crude oil to liquefied natural gas, to sand tar oil: the reliable delivery of these valuable raw materials for processing or immediate use has never been so important to bring energy to our homes, businesses, towns, cities and nations. The transport of energy sources often occurs over long distances through rough terrain, difficult environments, important agricultural land,
    25 valuable ecosystems, extreme weather conditions, hydrologically sensitive areas and potentially unstable regions.
    However, an inherent problem with energy source pipes is the catastrophic impact that a spill or leak can have on our environments, ecosystems, human beings and wildlife. The risk to valuable water reserves that includes but is not limited to: wetlands, streams, rivers and aquifers that in some circumstances are the
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    The main source of natural drinking water for large sectors of population bases is immeasurable. In addition, as a result of the range of damage that may be caused due to potentially toxic materials transported, the damage may persist for years. In 2007, there were 259,105 kilometers (161,000 miles) of land pipeline that
    5 transported hazardous materials (mainly petroleum products) in the United States. Between 2007 and 2011, significant spill incidents averaged 117 per year and released an average of 80,000 barrels of hazardous products per year into the environment for a total spill of approximately 400,000 barrels. Other countries and nations around the world have experienced similar spill events per kilometer.
    10 of pipe. There is now a great need for a pipe system that will not only reduce the severity and occurrences of such releases, but simultaneously and autonomously actively monitor a pipeline to allow the owner / operator to know in real time precisely where and when there is a problem, exactly what the problem is at any specific location throughout the entire
    15 pipe, and the appropriate response necessary to affect that problem. What is needed is a containment notification system, autonomous, self-monitoring and active.
    Safe pipes are the key to moving forward in our energy dependent world. Most of the existing petrochemical pipes in use are manufactured as 20 single wall pipes, they can be buried or above ground and can have an insulating material. While a single wall pipe has lower construction and repair costs than a double wall type, single wall pipe failures can release toxic materials transported in the surroundings with devastating results. Significant releases may occur before detection,
    25 resulting in catastrophic damage to the environment, humans and wildlife, as well as loss of goodwill, costly cleaning operations and litigation against the owner / operator of the pipeline.
    A number of pipe leak detection systems have been designed to address the 30 problems mentioned, some of which are described below:
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    US Patent 6032699 by Graeber et al uses a double wall system with a gas or liquid under pressure in the containment pipe. Leaks are detected by pressure sensors in the sealed pipe segments and a visual alarm is established
    or local auditory. The intention of the design is the distribution of fuel from gas stations.
    5 This design is not suitable for long pipes due to the limited type of sensors and the inability to communicate over long distances.
    US Patent 5433191 by McAtamney uses a dual wall system zoned by annular rings and detects the presence of liquids including hydrocarbons
    10 through the use of capacitive sensors. Each sensor is connected to a common panel for local visual and auditory alarm indications. The intention of the design is a storage tank next to an industrial plant. This design is not suitable for long pipes due to the limited type of sensors and the inability to communicate over long distances.
    15 US Patent 6970808 by Abhulimen et al uses general pipe parameters such as flow and pressure at monitoring stations along the line as inputs to the simulation and central analysis algorithms to deduce when a spill has occurred. Since direct measurement is not used in a situation of
    20 spill, the method is subject to false alarms such as an operator changing the position of a valve and has insufficient precision to detect small but significant leaks. In addition, the method has no provision for spill containment.
    US Patent 7500489 by Folkers uses a double wall pipe with
    25 brine in the container pipe at a higher pressure than the transport pipe. The brine chambers are connected through tubes to a brine gas tank and leaks are detected by a float in the tank. To minimize brine requirements, the interstitial space is small, but this makes the example subject to false expansion and contraction alarms in the pipeline.
    30 transport due to the pressure of the gas or liquid transported in the transport pipe or temperature changes. The use of brine also restricts the use of materials
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    from transport pipe to non corrosive such as fiberglass. The use of an anticorrosive liquid such as glycol is a risk of releasing toxic material into the environment. The small interstitial space also offers little protection for the transport pipe against accidental damage of the excavation equipment.
    5
    US Patent 7441441 by Folkers uses a double-walled pipe with hydraulic fluid in the container pipe at a higher pressure than the transport pipe. A break in the transport pipe causes a pressure drop of the hydraulic fluid that is detected. The pipe is segmented by the valve stations that close the flow of the
    10 pipe when pressure drop is detected. This method cannot distinguish between leaks from the transport pipe and the container pipe and has great potential for the hydraulic fluid to leak into the environment. The system has no provision to report a leak, and its isolation capacity is limited to the distance between the valve stations.
    15 US Patent 6489894 by Berg uses a vacuum between the inner and outer pipes and a vacuum switch manifold between more than one container section to determine when a leak has occurred. The patent refers to the prior art that did not use a collector and was therefore more expensive. The intention of the design, despite the title,
    20 is for use in storage tanks, not in long pipes. The scaling of Berg's approach (or any of its referenced approaches to the technique) to typical pipes is cumbersome at best, and Berg's approach provides little leak insulation information.
    US Patent 6123110 by Smith et al., Provides a method for rehabilitating a single wall pipe in a double wall pipe by introducing a new smaller diameter pipe with plug spacers into the existing pipe. The spacers provide the installation of a leak detection system, examples of which are mentioned but not described. A camera adapter is described
    30 underground. Smith's approach disadvantageously uses an old containment pipe that will probably fail when pressurized by a leak from the new inner pipe,
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    and does not claim any leakage and reporting isolation capabilities.
    US Patent 2005/0212285 by Haun describes a method for reducing the stresses in the joints between the inner and outer pipes and does not claim leak detection, insulation or reporting.
    U.S. Patent 3943965 by Matelena is a triple wall pipe that passes a glycol refrigerant between the outer and middle pipe to prevent hot oil or petroleum gas from melting the surrounding permagel. The space between the middle pipe and the
    10 transport pipe is a vacuum insulator. Hydrometer and vacuum pressure sensors detect leaks of the refrigerant and transport pipes. A photoelectric sensor detects changes in the transparency of the glycol refrigerant as an additional leak detection method. An oil / glycol separator and pump return the filtered oil to the transport pipe. Matelena's approach is cumbersome because of the
    15 triple wall construction, the large volumes of glycol needed and the leak-prone plumbing needed to cool and distribute the glycol. There is no defined method to prevent glycol from leaking into the permagel. The oil / glycol separator is unlikely to be able to accommodate oil leaks of large flow rates. And there is no defined method to collect and report sensor data.
    20 Therefore, there is a need for an improved pipe that addresses the aforementioned problems.
    Short description
    25 We have designed a fluid spill containment device and system for pipes that transport energy sources that significantly reduce the probability and magnitude of pipe releases as a result of its total integrity and safety management program through containment in a double wall pipe,
    30 instrumentation to detect a release and its exact location, as well as a real-time reporting network to yield specific repair responses. While the
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    device and system can be more expensive to put into operation than a simple wall pipe, its autonomous top self-monitoring / detection, containment and reporting system significantly reduces losses of valuable products and damage from spills to the environment and costs associated, reduces maintenance costs during life
    5 useful, facilitates construction approval, and improves goodwill in the community. Advantageously, the device and the system is optimizable in the conventional pipe designs currently used in the pipe industry so that adaptations are made to these pipes to allow them to serve as the main transport pipe for the transported energy source.
    10 Accordingly, in one aspect an autonomous fluid spill containment device is provided by a pipe having a transport conduit for the transport of a fluid and a containment conduit located around the transport conduit to define an interstitial space for receive spilled fluid from the conduit of
    15 transport, the device comprises:
    a spilled fluid barrier to stop the flow of spilled fluid, the fluid barrier is located in the interstitial space and extends between the transport conduit and the containment conduit;
    20 a spilled fluid sensor located in the interstitial space to detect spilled fluid in the containment duct;
    a network monitor that interfaces to communicate with an operator's data collection, analysis and reporting systems; Y
    a network of sensors connected to the fluid sensor to communicate the spilled fluid sensor and the sensor location data to the network monitor in order to alert the operator of the location of the spilled fluid in real time.
    30
    In one example, the spilled fluid sensor is in a lower portion of the
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    containment duct
    In one example, the spilled fluid sensor is mounted on the spilled fluid barrier.
    5 In one example, the spilled fluid sensor is mounted in a sensor station.
    In one example, a sensor station is mounted outside the containment pipe, the sensor station is in communication with the spilled fluid sensor. The sensor station includes:
    10
    a) an accommodation;
    b) a purge member located in the housing and in fluid communication with the interstitial space and a spilled fluid sensor; Y
    15 c) a sensor station network that includes a controller located in the housing, the controller is in communication with a purge member pressure sensor, a local status indicator to further facilitate the exact location of a spill / leak , and the spilled fluid sensor.
    In one example, the sensor station further includes a plurality of sensors that interconnect with the controller and the sensor network. The sensors include a pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, a fluid sensor, a position sensor and a hydrocarbon sensor where one or more can be implemented and activated.
    In one example, the sensor station also includes a network power and data transmission path interconnected to the sensors.
    In one example, the sensor station also includes a repeater.
    30
    In one example, the network monitor is interconnected with the sensor station network e
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    It includes a network modem, a network interface and a display / control.
    In one example, the network monitor is in communication with a terrestrial operator network. The terrestrial operator network is in communication with an automatic emergency disconnection 5.
    In one example, the network monitor is in communication with an operator response and analysis center, or a similar installation.
    10 In one example, the device may include a spill return door assembly located upstream of the spilled fluid barrier. The spill return door assembly, when implemented, includes a spill return door resiliently connected to the transport conduit and is installed against an inner portion of the transport conduit adjacent to a spill opening. The door assembly of
    Spill includes a mounting column and a door spring connected to the spill return door.
    In one example, the door spring is located outside the containment duct housing.
    twenty
    In another example, the door spring is located in the containment duct.
    In one example, the spill door assembly includes a spill door position sensor.
    In one example, a sensor station is mounted inside the containment pipe, the sensor station is in communication with the spilled fluid sensor. The sensor station includes a network of sensor stations that have a plurality of sensors that interconnect with the controller and the sensor network. The sensors include a
    30 pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, a fluid sensor, a position sensor and a hydrocarbon sensor where one or more can be implemented and activated.
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    In one example, the sensor station also includes a network power and data transmission path interconnected to the sensors.
    In one example, the sensor station also includes a repeater.
    5
    In one example, the network monitor is interconnected with the sensor station network and includes a network modem, a network interface and a display / control.
    In one example, the network monitor is in communication with a terrestrial operator network.
    10 In one example, the terrestrial operator network is in communication with an automatic emergency disconnection.
    In one example, the network monitor is in communication with an operator response and analysis center 15, or a similar installation.
    In one example, the device may include a spill return door assembly located upstream of the spilled fluid barrier.
    In one example, the spill return door assembly includes a spill return door, when implemented, is resiliently connected to the transport conduit and is installed against an inner portion of the transport conduit adjacent to a spill opening. . The spill door assembly includes a mounting column and a door spring connected to the spill return door. The door assembly of
    25 spill includes a spill door position sensor.
    In one example, the device is for a pipe that is on the ground, water or ice.
    30 In one example, the device is for a pipe that is under the ground, water or ice.
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    In one example, the device is for a pipe that is underwater.
    In one example, the fluid includes gas, chemicals such as synthetic, organic, inorganic; and natural fluids including food liquids; liquefied natural gas, liquefied gas 5 including propane and butane; Crude oil, water, petroleum, light oil or oil of butiminous sands.
    According to another aspect, an autonomous sensor and reporting network is provided to monitor pipeline spills, the network comprises:
    10
    a) an autonomous liquid spill containment device, as described above; and b) a network interface in communication with the device, the network interface is configured to transmit sensor data and device location to an analysis center and
    In response, the center is located to receive data on a wired or wireless network of the device such that the data received in real time at the center indicative of a fluid spill activates a response in the center.
    In one example, a satellite network is in communication with the data transmission device 20 from the device to the center.
    In one example, a wireless land network is in communication with the data transmission device from the device to the center.
    25 In one example, a wired terrestrial network is in communication with the data transmission device from the device to the center.
    According to another aspect, an autonomous sensor and a reporting system for the supervision of pipeline spills are provided, the system comprises:
    30
    a) an autonomous fluid spill containment device having a conduit of
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    transport to transport a fluid and a containment conduit located around the transport conduit to define an interstitial space to receive the spilled fluid from the transport conduit, the device has a spilled fluid barrier to stop the flow of spilled fluid, the barrier of fluid is located in the interstitial space and extends between the transport conduit and the containment conduit; a spilled fluid sensor located in the interstitial space to detect spilled fluid flowing in the containment conduit; a network monitor that interfaces to communicate with the data collection, analysis and operator reporting systems; and a sensor network connected to the fluid sensor to communicate the spilled fluid sensor and data from
    10 sensor location to the network monitor to alert the operator of the location of spilled fluid in real time;
    b) an active network interface in communication with the device, the network interface is configured to transmit sensor data and device location to a data center
    15 analysis and response, the center is located to receive data on the selection of the operator of wired or wireless networks of the device such that the data received in real time at the center indicative of a fluid spill activates a response in the center; Y
    20 c) a real-time self-monitoring and reporting system that determines the security status of the sensor station, sensor data and network status in real time.
    In one example, the wireless network is a satellite network that is in communication with the data transmission device from the device to the center.
    25
    In one example, a wireless land network is in communication with the data transmission device from the device to the center.
    In another example, a wired terrestrial network is in communication with the data transmission device from the device to the center.
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    In another example, a double-walled pipe with a spilled fluid barrier from the outer panel is used.
    In one example, the sensor stations include a plurality of sensors that can be implemented and activated which include: pressure, temperature, fluid, position and hydrocarbons.
    In one example, the system can implement a power source that is a conventional power source or a solar panel, battery and charger.
    10
    In one example, the system may include a spill door to facilitate the transport of material from the external containment conduit to the transport conduit.
    In one example, the local status indicator is a light emitting diode (LED). Brief description of the drawings
    In order that the discovery can be easily understood, modalities are illustrated by way of example in the accompanying drawings.
    Figure 1 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a pipe section showing a spill containment device and an external sensor station in a non-spill configuration;
    25
    Figure 2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the pipe section showing the spill containment device and the external sensor station in a spill configuration;
    Figure 3 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a pipe section showing the spill containment device and an internal spring door in a configuration
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    of not spilling; Figure 4 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a pipe section showing the spill containment device and the internal spring door in a 5-spill configuration; Figure 5 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a pipe section showing an internal sensor station; Figure 5A is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 5A-5A 'of Figure 5; Figure 6 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a pipe section showing a weld of transport pipe;
    Figure 7 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a pipe section showing a containment pipe weld; Figure 8 is a detailed cross-sectional view of an external spring sensor station;
    20 Figure 9 is a detailed cross-sectional view of an internal spring sensor station; Figure 10 is a diagram of a network of sensor stations; Figure 11 is a diagrammatic representation of a monitoring station network; Y
    25
    Figure 12 is a diagrammatic representation of a response and report system of the sensor network.
    Other device data and its advantages will be apparent from the detailed description included below.
    P201590021
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    As used herein, the term "fluid" is intended to mean gas, natural gas; liquid, including chemicals, such as synthetic, organic and
    5 inorganic including natural food liquids crude oil, petroleum, butyndinous sand oil, and water, liquefied gas, such as propane, butane, liquefied natural gas and the like.
    Referring to Figures 1 and 2, it is generally illustrated in (10) a device for
    10 fluid spill containment. In general terms, the device (10) comprises a double-walled pipe that includes an internal transport conduit (pipe) (12) and an external containment pipe (pipe) (14) that lines the transport pipe (12), and defining an interstitial space (16) around the transport pipe (12). The transport pipe (12) transports the fluid along it. The interstitial space (16)
    15 receives the fluid that is spilled from the transport pipe (12) in case the transport pipe (12) is broken or structurally compromised. A plurality of spacers 18 are disposed substantially along the entire length of the pipe and maintain the separation between the pipes (12), (14). A spilled fluid barrier (20) is located between the transport pipe (12) and the containment pipe (14) and stops the
    20 fluid flow that spills into the interstitial space (16) of a greater downward flow. The spilled fluid barrier (20) is an annular bulkhead (22) that is welded to the transport pipe (12) and sealed to the containment pipe (14) to define separate release containment sections (24) at pipe length A spilled fluid sensor (26) is located in the interstitial space (16) to detect spilled fluid in the pipeline.
    25 containment (14). Typically, the spilled fluid sensor (26) is located in a lower portion 28 of the containment pipe (14). In the example shown, the spilled fluid sensor (26) is mounted on the spilled fluid barrier (20).
    Referring now to Figure 10, a sensor network is connected to the
    30 sensors (40) to communicate the spilled fluid data from the sensors (40) to the network monitor (13) in order to alert the operator of the location of the spilled fluid in time
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    real.
    Referring again to Figures 1 and 2, and now 8, a sensor station (30) is mounted outside the containment pipe (14). The sensor station (30) is in communication with the spilled fluid sensor (26). The sensor station (30) includes a housing (34) (32) and a network of sensor stations (34). The network of sensor stations
    (34) includes a purge member (36) located in the housing (32) and in fluid communication with the interstitial space (16). A temperature sensor (44) and sensor station controller (38) are located in the housing (32) and are connected to the purge member pressure sensor (36) and the spilled fluid sensor (26). In the example shown in Figure 8, the sensor station (30) includes a plurality of sensors (40) that interconnect with the controller (38) and the sensor network (11). The sensors (40) include a pressure sensor (42), a temperature sensor (44), a fluid sensor (46), a position sensor (48) and a hydrocarbon sensor (50), one or more of
    15 which can be implemented and activated. A penetration connector (52) is connected to the controller (38) and arranged in the containment pipe (14) and connected to the sensor (26) by cables (54). A network power and data transmission path 56 interconnects the sensor stations.
    20 Referring now to Figures 1 and 2, a spill return door assembly
    (60) is located upward from the spilled fluid barrier (20). The spill return door assembly (60) includes a spill return door (62) resiliently connected to the transport pipe (12) and is installed against an inner portion (64) of the transport pipe (12) adjacent to a spill opening (66). The spill door assembly 25 (60) includes a mounting column (68) and a door spring (70) connected to the spill return door (62). In the example illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, the door spring (70) is located in the housing (32) outside the containment pipe (14). The spill return door (62) is hinged to a pivoting arm (63) at the rising end and connected to the spring of
    30 door (70) outside the containment pipe. The spill door (62) is contoured to the shape of the transport pipe (12) to limit the obstruction to the normal flow of the material
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    and the passage of devices such as ingots. The spill door (62) is sealed (insta) against a clamping flange to prevent the flow of material from the transport pipe to the containment pipe. The sensor (26) is located inside the inner containment pipe and has a cable connection to the sensor station. In case of a release of
    5 ascending material of the transport pipe, the fluid will flow into the containment pipe (14), and then back to the transport pipe (12) through the spill gate (62), and will be detected by the sensors of liquid and sensor station.
    Referring now to Figures 3 and 4, the sensor station (30) is mounted to the
    10 outside the containment pipe (14) and is in communication with the spilled liquid sensor (s). The door spring (70) is inside the containment pipe
    (14) to eliminate a penetration in the sensor station (30) and provide a smaller sensor station (30). A rotary sensor (a door position sensor) (72) located on the door hinge provides a door position signal to the station
    15 sensor (30).
    Referring to Figures 5 and 5A, an alternate internal sensor station mode is adequately illustrated for use under water (submersible pipe) or located under a non-removable overload such as road, rail or airport. This mode uses the door spring (70) and the sensor station (30) inside the containment pipe (14). The sensor station (30) is mounted on the annular bulkhead together with all the sensors except the door position sensor. The door position sensor
    (72) communicates with the sensor station controller (38) using the door sensor connector (34). The network power and data transmission path (11) works within the
    25 containment pipeline, passing through the connectors in the annular bulkheads and exits the containment pipeline (14) in a network monitor station.
    Referring to Figures 6 and 7, a field assembly of the device (10) is illustrated. The internal door spring (70) and the external sensor station (30) are illustrated by way of example. One skilled in the art will recognize that a similar assembly can be used for the example of the external door spring and the internal sensor station. The device (10) is
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    It mounts the first one to slide the containment pipe (14) back, leaving a space to allow the adjacent transport pipes (12) to be welded together in (80). Then the connections of the internal sensor station are made. The containment pipe (14) then slides forward into position and the adjacent containment pipes (14)
    5 are welded together in (84). The annular ring seal (82) allows the containment pipe (14) to slide without compromising the separation of the containment sections. The external sensor station (30) and the related sensor network segment can then be installed at that time or later.
    10 Even with reference to Figures 6 and 7, the device (10) is easily mounted to join a conventional single wall pipe. This can be done in circumstances where the pipeline operator needs the device (10) to join an existing line that now crosses or to cross some ecologically sensitive areas. The size of the transport pipe (12) must be equal to the single wall pipe. The pipe of
    15 transport (12) is welded to the single wall pipe and an annular transition bushing is welded to the end of the containment pipe (14) to ensure the inviolability of the containment pipe (14) and a completely hermetic containment.
    Referring now to Figures 3, 8 and 9, the sensor station for the spring of
    External door includes a door position sensor (48) in communication with the sensor station controller (38). In Figure 9, the cables of the internal door position sensor (72) include the cables (54) of the fluid sensor (26) in the penetration connector (52). A purge member (36) allows the evacuation of moisture from the containment pipe for corrosion control and pressurize the containment pipe
    25 for integrity checking. The pressure sensor (42), hydrocarbon sensor (50) and temperature sensor (44) provide additional means for the detection of release. A sensor station controller (38) with a temperature sensor enters the sensor values and transmits the sensor and location data and status messages through the network power and data transmission path (11). The controller also communicates
    30 with a station status indication locally visible via a separate connection (86) at the sensor station.
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    The autonomous fluid spill containment device (10) is normally used as part of an autonomous sensor and report network that monitors pipeline spillage, as described above. The network interface is in communication with the device and is configured to transmit data from the device (10) to a data center.
    5 analysis and response.
    Referring to Figure 10, one or more sensor stations (30) will communicate the sensor data, location, status and other messages with a network monitor station
    (13) on a network power and data transmission path (11). When the distances
    10 exceed the length capacity of the data transmission path, a sensor station configured as a repeater (31) bridges between the data transmission paths (11), which allows a transmission path length of network is approximately 16.09 km. (10 miles)
    15 Referring to Figure 11, a network monitor station (13) forms the core of the network power and data transmission paths (11). Typically two data transmission paths, one ascending and one descending, are connected to a network monitor station (13). Additional connections allow a network monitor station (13) to connect to fused pipes at or near the location of the network monitor station
    20 (13). The network monitor station (13) includes a display and control (90) for verification and other services, and a modem (92) or other means suitable for communication with a remote satellite telephone (94) and / or the terrestrial network User wireless (114). A solar panel (110), battery and charger (112) provide autonomous remote location power. The user can choose to provide backup or alternative power (100) when he is
    25 available.
    Even with reference to Figure 11, a network interface option (96) communicates with a terrestrial user network (114) such as a SCADA system (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) or another system. In critical applications, the user may choose to use the
    30 ability to report in real time from the network to automatically disconnect (116) a pipe segment until a release problem is resolved.
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    Referring to Figure 12, sensor networks can use existing satellites and Internet networks and terrestrial user networks to communicate messages from sensor networks with the user's real-time analysis and response center (106). When
    5 a problem is identified in the analysis, the user response team (105) is then sent to investigate and solve any problem. Operation
    10 The autonomous fluid spill containment device (10) is normally used as part of an autonomous sensor and report network that monitors pipeline spill and communicates with an analysis and response center (106), as shown in Figure 12. The center (106) is located to receive data on a network of the device (10) such that the real-time data received at the center is indicative of a
    15 fluid spill that then activates a response at the center of analysis and response (106). A network of satellites (103), such as GEO satellite networks (= geosynchronous Earth orbit) such as Immarsat BGAN or VSAT, or LEO satellite networks (= low Earth orbit) such as Irridium or Global Star, can also be used to communicate , for example by means of an Internet message call (120) via a satellite phone
    Remote (“RSP”) (94) that is transmitted through the satellite network (103) to a satellite ground station (107) communicated by an Internet service provider (108), with the data transmission device from the device to the center (106).
    The network monitor stations (13) provide the device (10) with centralized control
    25 and interface to external systems. The network monitor station sends messages to the sensor stations in turn, requesting sensor and location data, sensor security status and network status. The network monitor station (13) groups the response messages and analyzes the information, looking for indications of critical failure, including sensor stations without reporting. If any evidence of a critical failure is found, a
    30 message (121) immediately to the response and analysis center (106) of the pipeline operator. Otherwise, the accumulated messages (121) are sent to the analysis center and
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    response (106) at a time predetermined by the pipeline operator. The messages
    (121) can be sent via satellite or through a terrestrial network as determined by the pipeline operator.
    5 Sensor stations operate in a dual power mode to reduce energy consumption, allowing adequate energy to be delivered to more networks of sensor stations. Most of the time, only the sensor station controller and the network interface (96) are powered and the sensor station controller listens to your messages. When a message with the identification of the sensor station controller is received,
    10 the controller turns on the power of the sensor, collects the sensor data, turns off the sensor, performs validity checks of the sensor data, and assembles and transmits the response message to the network monitor station (13).
    Spill and containment detection is achieved using a dual configuration
    15 coaxial pipe in which a containment pipe surrounds a transport pipe. Any fluid release is contained in the containment pipe. In the event that there is a release of the transport pipe, the transported material flows to the external containment pipe. This flow of fluid in the containment pipe moves along it until it reaches the end of the pipe component where it would reach the gate of
    20 spill which would facilitate the transport of the material back to the transport pipe.
    This brings spilled material in close proximity to the sensors, providing a faster determination that a release is occurring. This diversion and redirection of the material back to the transport pipeline in a location further down the line also promotes the safe and continuous transport of the material until the crew can make the necessary repairs. The pipe system has at the location of each flow spill redirection door, a sensor station that together with the temperature, pressure and liquid sensors, has the unique ability to detect and notify the owner / operator autonomously in real time As for the nature and location of any problem large or small. A visible station status indicator (for example, an LED) located at or above the sensor station
    P201590021
    06-25-2015
    It will help the crew more in the repair at the location of the problem. In case the spill door option has not been implemented, or in the remote possibility of spill door malfunction, the system will continue to use the remaining sensors to detect and report on the malfunction and the presence of
    5 material in the containment pipe in real time.
    The device 10 implements the use of a sensor station network system to autonomously report its findings and activate the response. This system is powered by solar energy and together with a battery and charger can be increased with external power resources if available. The system can report via satellite link, allowing real-time coverage in remote areas and can be connected directly to a monitoring and response system of the user (104), to include the automated disconnection of the affected pipe to mitigate possible damage. This self-supervision, containment and notification system is completely autonomous, easy to repair, and
    15 provides the owner / operator with a safe method for transporting hazardous energy materials. Release Report and Location
    20 To achieve these results, the system implements a sensor network that uses three types of messages to achieve functionality. Additional message types can also be used for network administration, but they are typical practice and will not be described here.
    25 1. Sensor Safety Status. The sensor outputs are checked for shorted or broken connections and electronic faults of the internal sensor. The sensor interface electronics perform internal message and transmission path reviews. The safety status report messages of the sensor including the location of the sensor station are sent to the operator station.
    30
    2. Sensor data. The sensor outputs are displayed periodically. Messages from
    P201590021
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    Sensor data including the location of the sensor station and release detections are sent to the operator station.
    3. Network Status. Network stations and network monitors report any failures
    5 to communicate with a downlink station to the operator station. Each station has a unique identifier and a known location.
    The operator station processes the incoming messages by examining the release indications by applying, for example, trend and variance algorithms to the sensor data
    10 suitable for transported material. The results are archived for future reference. The station displays the results to the operator and activates visual and auditory alarms and the related location for the detected release cases. Features of Transported Fluid Release
    15 To effectively detect the releases of transported material, the system is designed to monitor the characteristics of the three types of releases - breakage, leaks and leaks. It should be noted that for a single wall pipe, release is an involuntary loss of material transported around the pipe. For a system
    20 dual wall, the release includes loss of the internal transport pipe to the external containment pipe and the ingestion of the surroundings in the containment pipe. The distinguishing features of the three types of releases are:
    Rupture - A release or ingestion of high mass velocity caused by the failure
    25 catastrophic pipe. It typically occurs suddenly and can be caused by external forces such as bulldozer, earth moving, sabotage, or other similar events or the rapid progression of a structural failure of the pipe.
    Leakage - A low speed release (but still can be substantial) through
    30 a hole in the pipe smaller than the diameter of the pipe and that does not progress significantly in size for a short time. A leak may occur suddenly or
    P201590021
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    by backhoes puncturing, plundering or other similar events or slowly progressing through use and environmental events such as corrosion, thermal stresses, or abrasion by the transported material.
    5 Filtration - A very low release speed through a small hole or crack, normally caused by events such as corrosion, welding defects or joint failure. Filtration can be intermittent, for example, if a material of higher viscosity clogs the opening after a previous release of material of lower viscosity, or a displacement of soil or temperature change that closes a crack.
    10 Device Release Detection
    The release detection is based on the use of sensors at intervals monitoring the characteristics of the containment pipe such as pressure spills, temperature,
    15 door position of spills, hydrocarbon vapors and liquid level. Sensor readings are transmitted in real time to a user's report station for analysis and action. Rupture Detection
    A rupture that causes a release of the transport pipe is detected by a sudden change in temperature and / or pressure and / or door position and / or possibly liquid or hydrocarbon level, depending on the material transported. Depending on the nature of the break, the sensor network may be damaged (although rarely) and stop reporting from
    25 that location, which itself will serve as a locator of the break.
    The detection of a rupture that causes ingestion depends on the magnitude of the failure. For ingestion in a containment pipe without pressure, the detection will probably be an increase in the level of water ingestion fluid, but this may take some time,
    30 or it may not happen at all. If there is water ingestion, repair is necessary to prevent corrosion of the transport pipe. If not, repair is not a critical issue.
    P201590021
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    of time. In a pressurized containment pipe, there may be a slow pressure change if the pipe is buried, otherwise it will be a rapid change. If the cause is accidental human-induced trauma such as excavation machinery, the operator can detect and report the case. If not, such as an act of terrorism or sabotage,
    5 Ingestion caused by this type of trauma will be detected by the sensors and reported. Leak Detection
    Leak detection for both release and ingestion is equal to the detection of
    10 breaks, except that sensor readings will change more slowly, and the sensor network is unlikely to be damaged. Expoliation may or may not be detected, depending on the ability of the plunger to penetrate the double walls without causing a noticeable change in sensor readings. 15 Filtration Detection
    Filtration is inherently difficult to detect because sensor readings can be masked by signal noise and by normal changes in the transported material and the pipe environment. In the device 10, the filtration is detected by the liquid sensor and the hydrocarbon sensor. In the critical case of the release of transported material, it is unlikely that concurrent filtration will occur through the containment pipe for the environment. Ingestion is less critical, since the only significant effect is to accelerate the corrosion of the transport pipe. In both release and ingestion, detection allows adequate time for
    25 repair
    Although the above description refers to a specific modality as currently contemplated by the inventor, it will be understood that the device in its broad aspect includes mechanical and functional equivalents of the elements described herein.
    30
    权利要求:
    Claims (62)
    [1]

    1. An autonomous fluid spill containment device through a pipe that has a transport conduit for the transport of a fluid and a containment conduit located around the transport conduit to define an interstitial space to receive the fluid
    5 spilled from the transport duct, characterized in that the device comprises:
    a spilled fluid barrier (20) having one or more containment sections to stop the flow of spilled fluid, the fluid barrier (20) being located in the interstitial space (16) and extending between the transport conduit (12) and the conduit of
    10 containment (14), the spilled fluid barrier (20) being sealable connected to the transport conduit (12) and the containment conduit (14) to contain the spilled fluid in the interstitial space (16);
    a spilled fluid sensor (26) located in the interstitial space (16) to detect spilled fluid in the containment conduit (14);
    a network monitor (13) that interfaces to communicate with the data collection, analysis and reporting systems of an operator; Y
    20 a network of sensors (11) connected to the fluid sensor (26) to communicate the spilled fluid sensor (26) and the location data of the sensor to the network monitor (13) in order to alert the operator of the location of spilled fluid in real time.
    [2]
    2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the sensor
    Spilled fluid (26) is located in a lower portion (28) of the containment duct (14).
    [3]
    3. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the spilled fluid sensor (26) is mounted on the spilled fluid barrier (20).
    30
    [4]
    4. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that a station

    The sensor station (30) is mounted outside the containment duct (14), the sensor station (30) being in communication with the spilled fluid sensor (26).
    [5]
    5. The device according to claim 4, characterized in that the sensor station (30) includes:
    a) accommodation (32);
    b) a purge member (36) located in the housing (32) and in fluid communication with the interstitial space (16) and a spilled fluid sensor (26); Y
    c) a sensor station network (34) that includes a controller (38) located in the housing (32), the controller (32) being in communication with a purge member pressure sensor (42), an indicator of local state to further facilitate the exact location
    15 of a spill / filtration, and spilled fluid sensor (26).
    [6]
    The device according to claim 5, characterized in that the sensor station (34) further includes a plurality of sensors (40) that interconnect the controller
    (38) and the sensor network (30).
    twenty
    [7]
    7. The device according to claim 6, characterized in that the sensors
    (40) include a pressure sensor (42), a temperature sensor (44), a fluid sensor (46), a position sensor (48) and a hydrocarbon sensor (50), being one or more of the sensors (40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50) implemented and activated.
    25
    [8]
    The device according to claim 5, characterized in that the sensor station (34) further includes a network power and data transmission path (56) in communication with the sensors (40, 42, 44, 46, 48 , fifty).
    The device according to claim 5, characterized in that the sensor station (34) further includes a repeater (31).
    27

    [10]
    10. The device according to claim 9, characterized in that the network monitor (13) is interconnected with the sensor station network (34) and includes a network modem (92), a network interface (96) and a display / control (90).
    [11]
    eleven. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that the network is autonomously operable using solar energy (110), battery and charger (112) or alternating energy (100).
    5
    The device according to claim 10, characterized in that the network monitor (13) is in communication with the terrestrial and wireless operator networks (114).
    [13]
    13. The device according to claim 12, characterized in that the networks
    Terrestrial and wireless operator (114) are able to communicate with an automatic emergency disconnection (116).
    [14]
    14. The device according to claim 4, characterized in that it includes a spill return door assembly (60) located upstream of the fluid barrier
    (20) spilled.
    twenty
    [15]
    15. The device according to claim 14, characterized in that the spill return door assembly (60), when implemented, includes a spill return door (62) resiliently connected to the transport conduit (12) and is installed against an inner portion (64) of the transport conduit (12) adjacent to an opening of
    25 spill (66).
    [16]
    16. The device according to claim 15, characterized in that the spill door assembly (60) includes a mounting column (68) and a door spring (70) connected to the spill return door (62).
    30
    [17]
    17. The device according to claim 16, characterized in that the spring of

    Door (70) is located outside the housing (32) of the containment duct (14).
    [18]
    18. The device according to claim 6, characterized in that the door spring (70) is located in the containment duct (14).
    [19]
    19. The device according to claim 15, characterized in that the spill door assembly (60) includes a spill door position sensor (72).
    [20]
    twenty. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that a station
    5
    Sensor 10 (30) is mounted inside the containment duct (14), the sensor station (30) being in communication with the spilled fluid sensor (26).
    [21]
    21. The device according to claim 20, characterized in that the station
    Sensor (30) includes a network of sensor stations (34) having a plurality of 15 sensors (40) that interconnect the controller (38) to the sensor network (11).
    [22]
    22. The device according to claim 21, characterized in that the sensors include a pressure sensor (42), a temperature sensor (44), a fluid sensor (46), a position sensor (48) and a sensor of hydrocarbons (50), where one or more of the
    20 sensors (40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50) are implemented and activated.
    [23]
    23. The device according to claim 20, characterized in that the sensor station (30) further includes a network power and data transmission path (56) interconnected with the sensors (40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50) and in communication with a
    25 external sensor station (30) providing autonomous or alternating energy.
    [24]
    24. The device according to claim 20, characterized in that the sensor station (30) further includes a repeater (31).
    The device according to claim 20, characterized in that the network monitor (13) is interconnected with the sensor station network (34) and includes a modem of

    network (92), a network interface (96) and a screen / control (90).
    [26]
    26. The device according to claim 25, characterized in that the network monitor (13) is in communication with the terrestrial and wireless operator networks (114).
    [27]
    27. The device according to claim 26, characterized in that the terrestrial and wireless operator networks are capable of communicating with an automatic emergency disconnection (116).
    5
    The device according to claim 20, characterized in that it includes a spill return door assembly (60) located upstream of the fluid barrier
    (20) spilled.
    [29]
    29. The device according to claim 28, characterized in that the assembly
    Spill return door (60), when implemented, includes a spill return door (62) resiliently connected to the transport conduit (12) and is installed against an inner portion (64) of the transport conduit (12) adjacent to a spill opening (66).
    The device according to claim 28, characterized in that the spill door assembly (60) includes a mounting column (68) and a door spring (70) connected to the spill return door (62) .
    [31]
    31. The device according to claim 28, characterized in that the spill door assembly 25 (60) includes a spill door position sensor (72).
    [32]
    32. The device according to claim 4, characterized in that it is for a pipe that is located on the ground, in the ice or in the water.
    The device according to claim 4, characterized in that it is for a pipe that is located underground or on the ice.
    30

    [34]
    34. The device according to claim 20, characterized in that it is for a pipe that is located underwater.
    The device according to claim 20, characterized in that it is for a pipe that is located on the ground, in the ice or in the water.
    [36]
    36. The device according to claim 20, characterized in that it is for a pipe that is located underground or on the ice.
    [37]
    37. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the fluid includes gas, chemical products such as synthetic, organic, inorganic; and natural fluids including food liquids; liquefied natural gas, liquefied gas including propane and butane; crude oil, water, oil, light oil or oil sands oil
    10
    15 tar.
    [38]
    38. An autonomous reporting and sensor network to monitor pipeline spillage, characterized in that the network comprises:
    20 a) an autonomous fluid spill containment device (10) having a transport conduit (12) for transporting a fluid and a containment conduit (14) located around the transport conduit (12) to define an interstitial space (16) closed to receive the spilled fluid from the transport conduit (12), the device (10) having a spilled fluid barrier (20) having one or more containment sections for
    25 stop the flow of spilled fluid, the fluid barrier (20) being located in the interstitial space (16) and extending between the transport conduit (12) and the containment conduit (14), the fluid barrier (20) being ) spill connected in a sealable manner to the transport duct (12) and the containment duct (14) to contain the spilled fluid in the interstitial space (16); a spilled fluid sensor (26) located in the
    Interstitial space (16) to detect spilled fluid flowing in the containment duct (14); a network monitor (13) that interfaces to communicate with the systems

    of data collection, analysis and operator report; and a sensor network (11) connected to the fluid sensor (26) to communicate the spilled fluid sensor (26) and sensor location data (26) to the network monitor (13) to alert the operator of the location of the spilled fluid in real time; Y
    5
    b) a network interface (96) in communication with the device (10), the network interface being
    (96) configured to transmit sensor data and device location (10) to an analysis and response center (106), the analysis and response center (106) being located to receive data on the selection of the wired network operator or wireless
    10 device (10) such that the data received in real time at the center indicative of a fluid spill activates a response at the analysis and response center (106).
    [39]
    39. The network according to claim 38, characterized in that the wireless network
    it is a satellite network that is in communication with the device (10) to transmit data 15 from the device (10) to the analysis and response center (106).
    [40]
    40. The network according to claim 38, characterized in that a wireless terrestrial network is in communication with the device (10) to transmit data from the device (10) to the analysis and response center (106).
    twenty
    [41]
    41. The network according to claim 38, characterized in that a wired terrestrial network is in communication with the device (10) to transmit data from the device (10) to the analysis and response center (106).
    25 42. An autonomous reporting and sensor system for monitoring pipeline spillage, characterized in that the system comprises:
    a) an autonomous fluid spill containment device (10) having a transport conduit (12) for transporting a fluid and a containment conduit (14) located around the transport conduit (12) to define an interstitial space (16) closed to receive spilled fluid from the transport duct (12), the device (10) having

    a spilled fluid barrier (20) having one or more containment sections to stop the flow of spilled fluid, the fluid barrier (20) being located in the interstitial space (16) and extending between the transport conduit (12) and the containment conduit (14), the spilled fluid barrier (20) being sealable connected 5 to the transport conduit (12) and the containment conduit (14) to contain the spilled fluid in the interstitial space (16) ; a spilled fluid sensor (26) located in the interstitial space (16) to detect spilled fluid flowing in the containment conduit (14); a network monitor (13) that interfaces to communicate with the data collection, analysis and operator reporting systems; and a network of sensors (11)
    10 connected to the fluid sensor (26) to communicate the spilled fluid sensor (26) and sensor location data to the network monitor (13) to alert the operator of the location of the spilled fluid in real time;
    b) an active network interface (96) in communication with the device (10), the interface being
    15 network (96) configured to transmit sensor data (26) and device location (10) to an analysis and response center (106), the analysis and response center (106) being located to receive data on the selection from the wired or wireless network operator of the device (10) such that the data received in real time at the analysis and response center (106) indicative of a fluid spill triggers a response in the
    20 analysis and response center (106); Y
    c) a real-time self-monitoring and reporting system that determines the security status of the sensor station (30), sensor data and network status in real time.
    The system according to claim 42, characterized in that the wireless network is a satellite network (103) that is in communication with the device (10) to transmit data from the device (10) to the analysis and response center ( 106).
    [44]
    44. The system according to claim 38, characterized in that a network
    Wireless terrestrial 30 is in communication with the device (10) to transmit data from the device (10) to the analysis and response center (106).
    33

    [45]
    Four. Five. The system according to claim 38, characterized in that a wired terrestrial network is in communication with the device (10) to transmit data from the device (10) to the analysis and response center (106).
    [46]
    46. The system according to claim 42, characterized in that a double-walled pipe with a fluid barrier (20) spilled from the outer panel is used.
    [47]
    47 The system according to claim 42, characterized in that the stations
    5
    Sensor 10 includes a plurality of sensors (40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50) where one or more are implemented and activatable including: pressure, temperature, fluid, position and hydrocarbons.
    [48]
    48. The system according to claim 42 characterized in that the system
    15 implements a power source that is a conventional power source or a solar panel (110), battery and charger (112).
    [49]
    49. The system according to claim 42, characterized in that the system
    It includes a spill door (62) to facilitate the transport of material from the containment conduit 20 (14) external to the transport conduit (12).
    [50]
    50. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that the local status indicator is a light emitting diode.
    The device according to any of the preceding claims 1 to 37 and 50, characterized in that the closed interstitial space (16) is a containment section (24).
    [52]
    52. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 37 and 50
    30, characterized in that it includes a plurality of discrete containment sections (24), each containment section (24) having at least one fluid barrier seal

    spilled connected to the transport duct (12) and the containment duct (14) to contain the spilled fluid in the interstitial space (16).
    [53]
    53. The device according to claim 52, characterized in that each containment section 5 (24) includes two spilled fluid barriers (20).
    [54]
    54 The device according to claim 52, characterized in that the containment sections (24) extend along the pipe to provide contiguous containment of fluid leakage.
    [55]
    55. The device according to claim 52, characterized in that the containment sections (24) are each isolated from each other.
    [56]
    56. The device according to claims 51 and 52, characterized in that a
    10
    15 welding sellably connects the spilled fluid barrier (20) with the transport conduit (12) and a circumferentially arranged seal seals the spilled fluid barrier (20) sellably with the containment conduit (14).
    [57]
    57. The device according to claims 51 and 52, characterized in that a
    20 circumferentially arranged joint sellably connects the spilled fluid barrier (20) with the transport conduit (12) and a weld sellably connects the spilled fluid barrier (20) with the containment conduit (14).
    [58]
    58. The device according to claim 55, characterized in that each containment section 25 (24) is leakproof.
    [59]
    59. The network according to claims 38 to 41 above, characterized in that the closed interstitial space (16) is a containment section (24).
    The network according to any of the preceding claims 38 to 41, characterized in that it includes a plurality of discrete containment sections (24),

    each containment section (24) having at least one spilled fluid barrier seal connected to the transport conduit (12) and the containment conduit (14) to contain the spilled fluid in the interstitial space (16).
    The network according to claim 60, characterized in that each containment section (24) includes two spilled fluid barriers (20).
    [62]
    62. The network according to claim 60, characterized in that the sections of
    containment (24) extends along the pipe to provide contiguous containment 10 of fluid leakage.
    [63]
    63. The network according to claim 60, characterized in that the containment sections (24) are each isolated from each other.
    The network according to claims 59 and 60, characterized in that a weld sellably connects the spilled fluid barrier (20) with the transport conduit (12) and a circumferentially arranged seal seals the gas barrier fluid (20) spilled with the containment duct (24).
    The network according to claims 59 and 60, characterized in that a circumferentially arranged gasket sellably connects the spilled fluid barrier (20) with the transport conduit (12) and a weld sellably connects the gas barrier. fluid (20) spilled with the containment duct (14).
    66. The network according to claim 60, characterized in that each containment section (24) is leakproof.
    [67]
    67. The system according to any of the preceding claims 42 to 49, characterized in that the closed interstitial space (16) is a containment section (24).
    30
    [68]
    68. The system according to any of the preceding claims 42 to 49,

    characterized in that it includes a plurality of discrete containment sections (24), each containment section (24) having at least one spill fluid barrier seal connected to the transport conduit (12) and the containment conduit (14) to contain the fluid spilled in the interstitial space (16).
    5
    [69]
    69. The system according to claim 68, characterized in that each containment section (24) includes two spilled fluid barriers (20).
    [70]
    70. The system according to claim 68, characterized in that the sections
    Containment 10 (24) extends along the pipe to provide contiguous containment of fluid leakage.
    [71]
    71. The system according to claim 68, characterized in that the containment sections (24) are each isolated from each other.
    [72]
    72. The system according to claims 67 and 68, characterized in that a weld sellably connects the spilled fluid barrier (20) with the transport conduit (12) and a circumferentially arranged seal seals the fluid barrier (20) sellably ) spilled with the containment duct (14).
    fifteen
    twenty
    [73]
    73. The system according to claims 67 and 68, characterized in that a circumferentially arranged gasket sellably connects the spilled fluid barrier (20) with the transport conduit (12) and a solder seals the fluid barrier sellably (20) spilled with the containment duct (14).
    25
    [74]
    74. The system according to claim 68, characterized in that each containment section (24) is leakproof.
    [75]
    75. The system according to claim 52, characterized in that the barriers of
    Spilled fluid forms a plurality of containment sections (24) contiguous in the interstitial space (16) along the entire length of the pipe.
    37

    [76]
    76 The network according to claim 60, characterized in that the spilled fluid barriers (20) form a plurality of contiguous containment sections (24) in the interstitial space (16) along the entire length of the pipe.
    [77]
    77. The system according to claim 68 above, characterized in that the spilled fluid barriers (20) form a plurality of contiguous containment sections (24) in the interstitial space (16) along the entire length of the pipe.
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